硫酸酯化酵母β-葡聚糖对H1N1猪流感病毒血凝作用和mRNA转录的影响

为研究硫酸酯化酵母β-葡聚糖对流感病毒血凝抑制作用及对mRNA转录的影响,以猪流感病毒A/tianjin/1/TJ2(H1N1)感染MDCK细胞为模型,采用血凝抑制试验(HI)及SYBR Green Real-time PCR方法,探索硫酸酯化酵母β-葡聚糖对流感病毒血凝抑制作用及其对mRNA转录影响。结果显示,硫酸酯化酵母β-葡聚糖在浓度超过1.25 mg/m L时,能对猪流感病毒血凝产生抑制作用,且在5 mg/m L时对猪流感病毒mRNA转录具有抑制作用。因此,硫酸酯化酵母β-葡聚糖具有抑制流感病毒在MDCK细胞复制的作用,其作用机制可能与抑制流感病毒HA靶点及影响mRNA转录有关。     

The Tripartite Symbiosis Formed by Indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Soya Bean Under Field Conditions

The tripartite symbiosis formed by indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Kirchner) Jordan and soya bean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Evans) was investigated under field conditions to test the hypotheses that: (i) the tripartite symbiosis enhances nodulation and nodule activity; and (ii) its establishment does not rely on improved phosphorus (P) uptake through the fungal partner. Soil tillage was used to produce treatments with contrasting AMF colonization potentials while the amount of B. japonicum inoculum was kept constant. Nodulation, AMF colonization and the P and nitrogen (N) nutrition of plants were evaluated at 10 and 51 (full‐bloom) days after emergence. N₂ fixation was estimated by the difference method and by the isotopic dilution method. At the early stage of plant growth, AMF hyphal colonization and nodulation were, respectively, 16 % and 33 % greater in plants from untilled than from rototilled soil. The establishment of the tripartite symbiosis was observed under field conditions, and factors other than P nutrition were critical to its formation. However, the tripartite symbiosis did not promote N₂ fixation under the high soil P conditions of this study.     

Potential of Nicotiana glauca (Grah.) as a source of resistance to black root rot Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. and Broome) Ferr. in tobacco improvement

Nicotiana glauca, a wild relative of Nicotiana tabacum, is an attractive potential source of black root rot (Thielaviopsis basicola)‐resistant germplasm. Moreover, it shows a resistance or tolerance to PVY, TEV, anthracnose and powdery mildew. In this study its potential as a source of resistance to black root rot caused by Th. basicola was investigated. Nicotiana glauca GG (2n = 2x = 24) was crossed as male with two N. tabacum TT (2n = 4x = 48) flue‐cured cultivars: ‘BY103’ and ‘K 326’, both of which are susceptible to black root rot. Amphihaploid F₁ TG (2n = 3x = 36), amphidiploid TTGG (2n = 6x = 72) and sesquidiploid TTG (2n = 5x = 60) hybrids were obtained. The resultant sesquidiploid hybrids were used as maternal components in backcrossing to N. tabacum and a segregating post‐sesquidiploid TTg (2n = 5x = 52–54) offspring was obtained. Amphihaploids exhibited a level of resistance to black root rot characteristic of N. glauca. The expression of resistance varied in the sesquidiploid generation, possibly reflecting cytological instabilities in that progeny. A wide variation in response to black root rot was found for post‐sesquidiploids a clear reflection of extensive chromosome segregation in that hybrid generation.     

氮肥形态及氮钾施用措施对水稻生长 和养分吸收的影响

为探明不同氮（NH4-N和NO3-N）源下，不同施钾水平及氮钾施用次序对水稻生长和养分吸收的影响，进行了温室盆栽试验。结果表明：在水稻生长早期（20d左右时），以NO3-N作为N源时水稻的生物产量和氮钾养分吸收量均显著高于NH4-N作N源的处理，但随着生长时期的延长，NH4-N源更能促进水稻的生长和养分吸收，因此，从整个营养生长时期来讲，铵态氮肥作为水稻N源更具有优越性。结果同时表明，氮肥施用效果与钾肥的施用水平有很大关系，在一般盆栽试验氮肥用量（纯N用量0.15 g/kg）水平下，施钾（K2O）量达到0.51g/kg时会导致水稻的生长及养分吸收量显著下降。铵钾施用次序对水稻的营养生长及养分吸收均有一定的影响，特别是施钾量较高时，铵钾在土壤中的交互作用会导致水稻因氮素供应不足而影响生长和养分吸收。     

矮化中间砧苹果施氮位置对细根分布、氮素吸收和产量品质的影响

为明确矮化中间砧苹果树合理的施肥位置,减少氮肥的浪费。试验于2018年和2019年,以‘烟富3’苹果/SH6/八棱海棠为试材,借助15N同位素示踪技术,研究了萌芽前在树冠投影范围距树干由近及远的3个水平距离——内环、中环和外环施氮对新梢旺长期细根和土壤15N分布、树体15N吸收以及果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明:各处理的苹果细根(直径≤2 mm)根长密度均在水平方向和垂直方向呈衰减规律,主要分布在距离树干水平方向0~100 cm、垂直方向0~40 cm土层范围;与不施肥(对照)相比,施氮增加了细根根长密度,以施氮区内细根根长密度增加最为显著;从垂直方向0~20 cm土层施氮区细根根长密度增加量来看,内环施氮处理增幅最大,为对照的1.33倍~1.36倍,其次是中环施氮处理。各处理土壤15N含量峰值在水平方向均出现在施氮区域,在垂直方向均出现在0~20 cm土层。不同处理间树体细根根长密度与土壤15N分布空间吻合度(RLD-15N)差异显著,内环施氮处理显著高于中环和外环施氮处理。内环施氮显著提高了新梢旺长期树体新生器官氮素累积量,树体15N利用率表现为内环施氮>中环施氮>外环施氮;内环施氮和外环施氮土壤15N残留率无显著差异,但均高于外环施氮。与外环施氮处理相比,内环施氮处理显著提高了果实产量、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比,而硬度和可滴定酸含量无显著差异。可见,矮化中间砧苹果内环施氮有利于提高细根根长密度与土壤氮的空间分布吻合度,增加了生长前期新生器官含氮量,提高了树体15N利用效率,提高了果实产量和可溶性糖含量。因此实际生产中成年矮化中间砧苹果树推荐在靠近树干位置的1/3树冠投影面积处,即约为距树干水平距离0~75 cm范围内施氮肥。     

厌氧氨氧化工艺在废水脱氮领域中的应用进展

厌氧氨氧化是一种全新的生物脱氮工艺。对于处理低碳氮比废水,与传统方法相比,它具有节省氧耗、无需外加有机碳源、污泥产量低等优点。近年来,随着基础研究的逐渐深入,各国学者开始将研究视角转向厌氧氨氧化工艺的实际应用。本文对该工艺在消化污泥上清液、垃圾渗滤液等实际废水脱氮研究中的进展进行了综述,并指出了目前存在的问题和今后的研究方向。     

发酵床养猪微生物降解系统调控研究

利用发酵床养猪,通过对圈舍垫料接种后的温度、湿度、各种酶活性、有机酸、无机氮、碳氮比（C/N比）各项指标的随时检测,并对发酵床进行日常管理,摸索出发酵床系统运转的规律,确定维持发酵床系统高效运转的评价指标,制定出其微生物降解系统的调控方法。     

甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸检测能力验证样品制备及其应用效果评价

为考核实验室检测甲型H1N1流感病毒的能力,设计和实施了“CNAS T0459甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸检测能力验证计划”.利用甲型H1N1流感病毒(2009)和经典H1N1猪流感病毒核酸标准物质制备6组能力验证阳性样品,经实验室检测分析,所制备的样品均匀性和稳定性均达到中国合格评定国家认可委员会对能力验证样品的要求.将6组阳性样品和1组阴性样品编号后下发54家参试实验室,共有50家实验室报送了有效数据,其中完全达到能力验证要求的实验室共34家,满意率达68％,其余16家为不满意实验室,包括8家实验室检测经典H1N1猪流感病毒满意,但甲型H1N1流感病毒(2009)特异性检测不满意.本次能力验证为整体提升我国甲型H1N1流感病毒的检测水平和评估各级实验室检测能力具有重要意义.     

莪术油注射液体外抗猪细小病毒的试验

制备莪术油注射液,评价莪术油注射液体外对猪细小病毒(PPV)7909标准毒株的作用效果。在PK-15细胞上,通过不同加药方式观察PK-15细胞病变(CPE),用MTT法测定细胞活力。结果在PK-15细胞上,药物最大安全浓度(TD0)为86.4μg/mL,半数感染浓度(TD50)为162.2μg/mL;在药物安全浓度范围内,莪术油注射液对PPV 7909标准毒株的半数抑制浓度(IC50)为1.865μg/mL,半数阻断浓度(IC50)为3.75μg/mL,半数直接杀灭作用浓度(IC50)为81.2μg/mL。结果表明莪术油对PPV 7909标准毒株有明显的体外抑制作用,但直接杀灭作用不明显。